No, to turn black jeans white, you need to bleach them, probably a few times.
You should know that severely bleached denim is weaker in structure, which means they won't last as long. Also white denim yellows very easily. You can help avoid this by washing them separately with a detergent made especially for whites.
Painting an entire pair of jeans another colour is not realistic. Neither is bleaching them. If you use enough bleach for long enough to turn black jeans white, the fabric will be so weakened by the bleach that they will be pretty much falling apart and they probably won't turn genuinely white, anyway. You're more likely to get a very pastel colour. If you want white jeans, the best way is to buy white jeans.
Painting any fabric will make it stiff. Bleaching is usually the way to go. Fabric strength breaks down.
So buy white jeans from a second hand store. Wear a few times and now you know why it is better that they are blue or black.
Bleaching will break the fabric threads. But still you want to go further then you should try some similar kind of shades as painting black into white can leave some light spots that will not look good or if once it will get proper color but after one or two washes it will become fade. It's my personal experience.
No
Will white fabric paint work on dark colored fabrics? I.e. If I wanted to turn black jeans white? Or does something else need to be done?
